Owning an RV means having the freedom to explore the great outdoors while still enjoying the comforts of home. The RV electrical supplies power to make home conveniences possible. While it might seem complex with many components and moving parts, understanding the basics will help keep everything running smoothly. That’s the purpose of this article.
As an RV parts consultant, I’ve helped hundreds of customers troubleshoot issues with every part of an RV’s electrical system. I have structured this guide to break down the components and operation of this type of electrical system in plain language, aiming to provide non-technical readers with a good overview of the various topics.
RV Electrical System Sections by Voltage
Most modern RVs have two separate electrical systems built in. A 12-volt system powers low-demand items, and the 110-volt system supplies electricity to appliances requiring high amperage.
The 12 Volt System
The 12-volt system in your RV powers essential low-wattage items like lights, water pumps, and fans. This system relies on batteries, which can be charged in various ways that we’ll cover later. These systems are crucial because they are fundamental components of everyday RV living. Even if you’re off-grid, the 12-volt system ensures that you still have essential lighting, can pump water, and run small fans or vent systems.
The 12-volt system uses Direct Current (DC) electricity, which is efficient for low-power applications. Power is stored in your RV’s batteries and used to supply devices needing continuous, reliable energy. Most RVs have built-in 12-volt systems that work seamlessly with the vehicle’s other electrical systems.
The 110 Volt System
The 110-volt system, also known as the AC (Alternating Current) system, powers larger appliances like your microwave, air conditioner, and TV. This system usually requires an RV electrical hookup to an external power source or a generator. RV AC power is like that typically found in residential homes and is necessary for running high-power devices and appliances.
Alternating Current (AC) electricity changes direction periodically, which allows it to be transmitted over long distances with less energy loss. In an RV, the 110-volt system is essential for providing the same comforts you’d expect at home, including cooking with a microwave, watching television, or staying cool with air conditioning. Understanding how to manage and balance these systems ensures you can use your RV’s appliances efficiently with sufficient power.
RV Systems by Supplied Power (30 Amps or 50 Amps)
Recreational vehicle electrical systems, especially power sourced from the electrical grid, are almost always either 30 amperes (amps) or 50 amperes. This measurement is related to the maximum amount of energy you can draw simultaneously with the appliances you have drawing current. A 50-amp power supply is necessary for running multiple air conditioners or other high-power appliances.
A 30-amp system provides 3,600 watts of power (120 volts x 30 amps), which is generally sufficient for RVs with a single air conditioner, essential appliances, and typical electrical needs. Approximately 80% of RVs use 30-amp electrical systems. This setup is typical in smaller and mid-sized RVs, including most travel trailers, Class C motorhomes, and some fifth-wheels
However, larger RVs, especially those equipped with two or more air conditioners, require a 50-amp system. A 50-amp service can supply up to 12,000 watts of power (120 volts x 50 amps x 2 “legs”), accommodating the higher electrical demands. Around 20% of RVs are equipped with 50-amp electrical systems. These systems are more prevalent in more extensive and luxurious RVs, such as Class A motorhomes and high-end fifth-wheel trailers with higher power demands, to support multiple air conditioners and large appliances.
You can quickly tell what amperage an RV has installed by the shape of the plug on the end of your RV electrical cord that connects the coach to the grid. An electric cord for RV use will have an amperage rating appropriate to the RV electrical outlet it can connect to. Here is a diagram of a 50-amp (left) and a 30-amp (right) plug configuration:
The key reason for the difference between the two amperages lies in the power requirements of air conditioning units. Each air conditioner typically draws around 1,500 to 2,000 watts when running. An RV with two air conditioners would need at least 4,000 watts for cooling, leaving little capacity for other appliances and electrical needs if the manufacturer installed only a 30-amp system.
Therefore, RVs with multiple air conditioners, electric heating, residential refrigerators, and other high-wattage devices are designed with 50-amp systems to ensure all electrical components can operate simultaneously without overloading the system.
A small fraction of RVs, primarily older or more basic models like pop-up campers and some compact travel trailers, operate on electrical systems providing less than 30 amps. This includes systems that might use 15 or 20-amp supplies, though these are less common in newer RVs.
| How Many RVs Have…? | |
| 30A Power Supply | ~80% |
| 50A Power Supply | ~20% |
| Less than 30A Power Supply | <5% |
Sources: Camper FAQs, Travels with Ted, Jeffsetter Travel
System Components
Modern systems in motorhomes and travel trailers include many RV electrical parts that work together in harmony to provide the needed power for the coach. Let’s examine these RV electrical components to see what each one does.
Power Sources
Shore Power
When parked at a campsite, you can connect your RV to the campground’s electrical outlet. This is called shore power, typically providing a steady 110-volt supply. Shore power is one of the most reliable ways to power your RV, offering a constant source of electricity to run all your appliances and charge your batteries.
Some RV owners also install a suitable RV electrical outlet at their homes to keep the batteries charged and systems available when the RV is not being used. This is generally one of the dedicated RV electrical boxes available on the market. It is mounted on the outside wall of the house near the RV parking space.
Shore power connections usually come in one or both of the amp ratings: 30 amp or 50 amp. The type of connection you use will depend on your RV electrical hookup.
If you have a campsite with only a 30-amp connection and a 50-amp RV electrical plug on your RV electrical cord, RV electrical adapters will allow you to power the RV from the 30-amp supply. However, remember that you will not have the power to run the full complement of appliances you could with a 50-amp connection. Generally, this means compromises like running only one of your air conditioning units and running fridges on propane instead of 110V power.
It’s a good rule of thumb that appliances that generate heat or cooling in any form will consume the most power. Understand the limits of your shore power RV electrical hookup to avoid overloading circuits, which can cause your RV breakers to trip (both in the RV and at the shore power connection box). Overloading can also potentially damage your RV’s electrical system, so use caution when connecting to power supplies that are less than what your coach is designed for.
Solar Power
Solar power is becoming more popular among RVers who want to stay off-grid. It offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to generate electricity. Here’s how it works:
- Solar Panels: Panels capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. They come in various sizes and capacities, typically measured in watts. The more panels you have, the more power you can generate. Solar panels are usually mounted on the RV roof and can be adjusted to capture maximum sunlight.
- Charge Controllers: This device regulates the power coming from the solar panels to prevent overcharging the batteries. It ensures that the energy produced by the solar panels is efficiently used and stored. Charge controllers come in two main types: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). MPPT controllers are more efficient but also more expensive.
Solar power can maintain your batteries and power some 12-volt systems without relying on shore power or a generator. This is particularly useful for boondocking or staying in remote areas where traditional power sources aren’t available.
Solar power is increasingly popular among RV owners, particularly those who enjoy off-grid camping. The trend towards self-sufficiency and eco-friendly travel has driven the adoption of solar panels in RVs. The data suggests that many new RVs are equipped with solar panel kits or are pre-wired for solar, especially newer models targeting younger, tech-savvy buyers.
Generators
Generators are devices built into the RV or portable and carried with you. They burn fuel (gasoline, propane, or diesel) to produce electricity. The 110V power they generate is used to power 110-volt systems directly and charge the batteries to power 12-volt devices. Generators are an excellent backup power source and are especially useful when shore power isn’t available, or the sun is not shining.
- Portable Generators: These are smaller and can be moved around easily. They’re ideal for RVers who don’t need a lot of power and prefer flexibility. The downside is that they can take up valuable storage space and are more susceptible to theft.
- Built-in Generators: Many RVs have built-in generators integrated into the vehicle’s electrical system. These are more powerful and convenient, as they can be started from inside the RV with the push of a button.
Generators have various output capacities, typically measured in watts. A 2,000-watt generator might be sufficient for running a few small appliances, while a 5,000-watt generator could power an entire RV, including the air conditioner. When choosing a generator, consider your power needs and the type of fuel it uses, as this will affect running costs and convenience.
Battery chargers plug into shore power to charge your RV batteries directly. They ensure that your batteries are topped up and ready to go. Battery chargers are essential for maintaining your 12-volt system, especially when you’re stationary for extended periods.
There are different types of battery chargers:
- Standard Chargers: These provide a consistent charge to your batteries. They are straightforward to use and relatively inexpensive.
- Smart Chargers: These adjust the charging rate based on the battery’s condition and charge level. They are more efficient and can prolong the life of your batteries by preventing overcharging.
Battery chargers are typically built into the RV’s electrical system but can also be portable units you can connect as needed. They are crucial for keeping your batteries healthy and ensuring a reliable power source for your 12-volt systems.
Inverters, which we will describe later, also have reverse functionality: They charge the batteries when the RV is connected to shore power or if the generator is running.
Switching and Protection
Automatic Transfer Switches
An automatic transfer switch (ATS) seamlessly switches your RV’s power source between shore power and a generator, ensuring that you always have a continuous power supply. This is especially useful when you’re connected to shore power but need to switch to a generator automatically in case of a power outage.
Surge Protectors
Surge protectors guard your RV’s electrical system against power spikes, which can damage appliances and electronics. Power surges can occur for various reasons, such as lightning strikes, faulty campground wiring, or issues with the power grid.
Surge protectors are installed between the source (shore power or generator) and your RV’s electrical system. They monitor the incoming voltage and shut off the power if it exceeds a safe level. This prevents damage to your appliances and can save you from costly repairs. Some surge protectors also come with diagnostic features that can detect wiring issues and provide information about the power quality at your campsite.
Auto Gen Start
An automatic generator starter (auto-gen start or AGS) detects the loss of shore power and automatically starts the generator. Once the generator runs and provides stable power, the ATS switches the RV electrical system to draw power from the generator instead of the now-dead shore power connection. This smooth process typically takes only a few seconds, ensuring your RV’s electrical systems operate without interruption.
RV Electrical Panels (Dual 110V/12V)
Your panel houses RV circuit breakers and fuses for both 110-volt and 12-volt systems. This panel is the central hub for distributing power throughout your RV and protecting your circuits from overloads and short circuits.
- Breakers: These protect your 110-volt circuits from overloads. If a circuit draws too much current, the breaker trips, cutting off power to prevent overheating and potential fires. Breakers are resettable, meaning you can switch them back on once the issue is resolved.
- Fuses: These protect your 12-volt circuits and are usually found near the battery. Fuses are single-use and need to be replaced if they blow. They break the circuit if the current exceeds a safe level, preventing damage to your electrical components.
The RV electrical panel is typically located in an easily accessible area of your RV, such as under a bed, below the fridge, in a storage compartment, or behind a cabinet door. Knowing how to locate and reset breakers and replace fuses is essential for any RVer.
Power Storage
Batteries
RV Batteries store energy for your 12-volt system. They come in different types, such as lead-acid and lithium-ion, each with advantages. Please read our detailed article on the various battery types for more information.
- Lead-Acid Batteries: These are the most common type of RV batteries and come in two main varieties: flooded (wet cell) and sealed (AGM or Gel). Flooded batteries are less expensive but require regular maintenance, such as checking electrolyte levels and topping them off with distilled water. Sealed batteries are maintenance-free but more costly.
- Lithium-ion batteries: These are becoming more popular due to their longer lifespan, lighter weight, and higher efficiency. They are more expensive upfront but can be more cost-effective in the long run due to their durability and lower maintenance requirements.
Batteries are rated in amp-hours (Ah), indicating how much power they can store. For example, a 100Ah battery can theoretically provide 1 amp of power for 100 hours or ten amps for 10 hours. Understanding your power needs and choosing the right type and capacity of batteries is crucial for maintaining a reliable 12-volt power supply.
Battery Monitors
Battery monitors help you monitor your battery’s charge level to know when to recharge. They provide real-time information about your battery’s voltage, current, and state of charge, allowing you to manage your power usage more effectively.
A good battery monitor can show you the following:
- State of Charge (SoC): The percentage of your battery’s remaining capacity.
- Voltage: The current voltage of your battery, which can indicate its health and charge level.
- Current: The amount of current being drawn from or supplied to the battery.
- Time Remaining: An estimate of how long your battery will last at the current consumption rate.
Battery monitors can help prevent over-discharging, damaging your batteries, and shortening their lifespan. They are a valuable tool for any RVer looking to optimize their power usage and maintain their battery health.
There are also cutting-edge battery monitors available now that show the current level of charging or discharge (amps in or out). These monitors are handy to check how much power a particular appliance or circuit is drawing.
Voltage Conversion
Inverters
Inverters convert 12-volt DC (Direct Current) power from your batteries into 110-volt AC power for your appliances. This allows you to run household appliances even when you’re not connected to shore power.
There are two main types of inverters:
- Modified Sine Wave Inverters: These are less expensive but may not work well with sensitive electronics or appliances that require a pure sine wave. They suit basic devices like lights, fans, and small kitchen appliances.
- Pure Sine Wave Inverters: These produce a smoother and more consistent wave of AC power, similar to what you get from shore power. They are more expensive but essential for running sensitive electronics, such as computers, TVs, and microwave ovens, without damage.
Inverters come in various sizes, measured in watts. Choosing an inverter that can handle the combined wattage of all the devices you plan to run simultaneously is essential. Overloading an inverter can cause it to shut down or even damage your electrical system.
RV Electrical Converters
Converters do the opposite: they convert 110-volt AC power into 12-volt DC power to charge batteries and run 12-volt systems. When connected to shore power, an RV power converter ensures that batteries stay charged while providing power to 12-volt devices.
Converters are typically built into the RV’s electrical system and work automatically when you connect to shore power. They are essential for maintaining a reliable 12-volt power supply and ensuring your batteries are always ready to go when needed.
Inverters are more expensive, so they are generally built in only for more expensive coaches. More budget-friendly travel trailers and campers will only have a converter installed. The only difference is that converter-equipped vehicles cannot power 110V equipment without shore power or a generator.
Here are the results of a poll we conducted with our subscribers to see what percentage of RVs had specific electrical options:
| What is the Percentage of RVs with?: | |
| Solar Panels | 28.5% |
| Generators (Built-In) | 26.2% |
| Generators (Portable) | 48.3% |
| DC-to-AC-Inverters | 45.1% |
| AC-to-DC Converters | 52.8% |
System Operation
Charging Batteries
From Shore Power
When connected to shore power, your battery charger, inverter, or converter will charge your RV batteries. This is one of the most reliable and straightforward ways to charge your batteries. Plug your RV into the campground’s electrical supply with your RV electrical cord, and the installed charging component will cover the rest.
It’s essential to monitor the charging process to ensure your batteries are charging correctly and not overheating. The chargers used with most modern RVs automatically adjust the charging rate based on the battery’s condition, making the process hassle-free.
From Solar
Solar panels charge your batteries during the day when there’s sunlight. The charge controller ensures that the energy produced by the panels is efficiently stored in your batteries without overcharging them.
The power you can generate from solar panels depends on their size, efficiency, and available sunlight. On a sunny day, a well-sized solar panel setup can provide enough power to charge your batteries and even run some of your 12-volt systems directly.
Using solar power, you can maintain your batteries and power some of your 12-volt (and with an inverter, 110v) systems without relying on shore power or a generator. This is particularly useful for boondocking or staying in remote areas without traditional power sources.
From Generators
Running a generator will charge your batteries and power your 110-volt appliances simultaneously. Generators are handy when you need a quick and reliable power source, especially if you’re off-grid or the weather isn’t favorable for solar power.
When using a generator, it’s essential to ensure it’s running correctly and the exhaust is vented away from your RV to prevent carbon monoxide buildup. Generators should be used in well-ventilated areas, and it’s a good practice to have a carbon monoxide detector inside your RV for safety.
Generators generate noise in addition to power, so you’ll want to run them as little as possible to avoid disturbing your neighbors or your enjoyment of the outdoors.
From An Inverter
Inverters can also charge your batteries by converting 110-volt power to 12-volt power. If you don’t already have one, these versatile inverter/charger combos can be a valuable addition to your RV’s electrical system.
Inverter/charger combos can automatically switch between charging your batteries and providing 110-volt power to your appliances, depending on your current power hookup. This makes them a convenient and efficient option for maintaining your RV’s power supply.
Getting the Power Supply to the Coach
12 Volt Circuits
- From Batteries: Most 12-volt systems, like lights and fans, draw power directly from the batteries. This ensures that essential functions are available even when you’re not connected to shore power or running a generator.
- From a Converter: When plugged into shore power, the converter supplies 12-volt power directly to your systems and charges the batteries. This dual function ensures that your 12-volt devices continue to operate while the batteries are being charged.
- With an Inverter: Inverters do not directly provide a 12-volt power source, but they help by charging the batteries when plugged in, ensuring that they stay charged even though you are using 12-volt power.
110 Volt Circuits and Appliances
- Direct Supply: Large appliances get their power directly from shore power or a generator. This ensures that high-power devices like air conditioners and microwaves have a stable and reliable power source.
- From Batteries Using an Inverter: When off-grid, an inverter can supply 110-volt power from your 12-volt battery bank. This allows you to run household appliances even when you’re not connected to shore power or a generator. Ensure you keep your 110V power draws under the inverter’s power rating.
Watts to Amps RV Power Consumption Calculator
Here is a calculator that allows you to convert any electrical load in watts to check the power capacity in amps for 12-volt or 110-volt loads. Checking this will prevent the overloading of circuits:
[Calculator id=’1′]
We also offer a FREE comprehensive electrical load battery size calculator, which allows you to determine your coach’s entire power draw for sizing batteries, solar panels, inverters, or generators.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the typical electrical system in an RV?
Typical electrical systems in RVs include a combination of batteries, converters, inverters, and generators. These components work together to provide power for various appliances and devices in the RV. It is important to understand your specific RV’s electrical system and follow proper safety precautions when using and maintaining it.
How does electricity work on an RV?
RVs typically have two electrical systems: 12-volt DC (direct current) and 120-volt AC (alternating current). The 12-volt system powers the RV’s lights, water pump, and other smaller appliances. It is usually supplied by the RV’s battery, which can be charged through the vehicle’s engine or an external power source.
The 120-volt system, on the other hand, is similar to the electrical system in houses and powers larger appliances like the air conditioner, microwave, and TV. This system requires an external power source, such as a campground hookup or a generator, to provide the necessary electricity.
To summarize, RVs have both a 12-volt DC system powered by the battery and a 120-volt AC system that requires an external power source.
Is RV power 120 or 240?
The standard power supply for RVs in the United States is 120 volts. In Europe and much of the rest of the world, the standard is 240 Volts.
What kind of electrical hookup does an RV need?
RV hookups are typically 30 amp or 50 amps. Because air conditioners are the largest power draw in an RV, the standard between having a 30 amp or 50 amp connections is whether you have one or two air conditioners.
How often should I check my batteries?
For Flooded Lead-Acid batteries, regularly check your batteries at least once a month. Ensure the electrolyte levels are adequate if you have this type of battery (Other kinds of batteries do not require electrolyte checks as they are sealed units.) Inspect for any signs of corrosion or damage to the terminals or casing.
What size generator do I need?
The size depends on your power needs. Typically, a 3,000-watt generator is sufficient for most RVs. You might need a higher-capacity generator if you plan to run multiple high-power devices simultaneously or have more than one air conditioner.
Can I use household appliances in my RV?
Yes, but ensure they don’t exceed your RV’s power capacity. Using a power management system can help you avoid overloading your circuits. It’s recommended that appliances designed for RV use be used where possible. For example, many RV fridges can run on propane, removing them from the electrical system altogether.
What should I do if my electrical system isn’t working?
Start by checking the breakers and fuses. If a breaker has tripped or a fuse is blown, reset or replace it. If the problem persists, consult a professional RV technician. High power can be dangerous if you are not an expert.
How can I maximize my battery life?
Regular maintenance, proper charging, and avoiding deep discharges can help maximize your battery life. Using an intelligent charger and monitoring your battery’s state of charge are also beneficial practices. Also, prevent your batteries from freezing by keeping them charged in the winter or, better still, remove them from the coach and store them indoors.
Summary
Understanding your RV’s electrical system can initially seem overwhelming, but breaking it into components and functions simplifies it. With this guide, we’ve tried to simplify that for you. You now know the basics to keep your RV’s electrical system running smoothly, ensuring you can enjoy your home’s comforts while on the road.
Leave a comment below if you want to suggest improvements or clarifications to this article, we’re always open to providing the best information possible for RVers. And don’t forget to share this article if you found it useful.
